Guozijian
Guozijian, the Imperial College during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, can be found in Beijing's Chengxian or Guozijian Street; it is also the site of the Kong Miao, or the Confucius Temple.
Temple Name Imperial Sacrifices From Forbidden City Chinese English Shejitan Temple of Land and Grain sacrifices to land and grain north; now known as the Working People's Cultural Palace Tiantan Temple of Heaven sacrifices at beginning of each Lunar Year for a plentiful harvest southeast Ditan Temple of the Earth sacrifices to the earth northeast Ritan Sun Temple sacrifices to the sun southwest Yuetan Moon Temple sacrifices to the moon south
Established in the Yuan Dynasty, the Guozijian was the heart of China's highest educational administration and college from the 1200s to the end of the Qing dynasty in the 20th century. Qing emperors gave lectures there following their coronations, their ministers and scholars would stand outside, listening. For the hard of hearing, officials stood beside the emperor and repeated everything in a loud voice.
It also served as an advanced research institute for top researchers and scholars, including many from foreign countries. In the 20th century, the author, Lu Xun, worked in the Guozijian to catalog, clean and sort the books there.
Two steles at the main gate read, Dismount Here in Chinese and in five other minority languages.
Centuries-old cypress trees dot the courtyard. The most famous is called Chu Jianbo, believed to be a human spirit who could differentiate good from evil. It is said that the tree once exposed Yan Song, a minister during the Ming, as a corrupt official by lifting his cap and dropping it on his head. The Qianlong emperor (Qing), named a small lake in the compound Ink Lake. According to legend, writers who drank from Ink Lake would have an endless source of inspiration and could therefore easily pass imperial examinations.
Piyong Hall, the main hall of Guozijian, stands in a courtyard lush with ancient trees and is surrounded by a pool. Piyong Hall was designed and built to duplicate an image from a legend of deities lecturing in a hut on a small island. One of two wells in a pavilion at Guozijian's entrance still produces the water flowing to this pool. Water is now pumped from the well and channeled through an underground tunnel to circulate in the pool.
Rooms in the west courtyard formerly served as Guojizian classrooms but they now house Beijing Young People's Library, a place were many middle school students congregate to read or do homework.
The Temple of Confucius stands on 20,000 square meters of the grounds of the Guozijian. Emperors of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties regularly conducted ceremonies honoring Confucius in the temple's Dacheng Hall, or Great Achievement Hall. Ten stone drums from the Qianlong reign still stand at the Dacheng Hall.
Of the more than 50,000 people during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, who successfully took examinations and became jingshi, the basic grade of a successful candidate in imperial examinations, all have their names, their origins and positions inscribed on 198 steles on either side of Dacheng Gate. Some famous historical figures whose names are carved on these steles include:
Lin Zexu an imperial envoy in the late Qing pivotal in the Opium Wars against England
Yu Qian, a famous Ming general
Yuan Chonghuan, another Ming general who fought against the Manchu invasions.
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