现在完成时的被动语态
一、结构：have / has been done
二、用法：1）表示到现在为止已经完成的某个被动动作。
The new museum has already been completed(完成) recently.
2）表示某个被动动作在说话之前发生，但对现在造成影响
Your son has been sent to the hospital, so you needn’t worry too much.
3）表示过去已经开始，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去的某个被动动作，往往与表示一段时间的状语连用（如for， since）等，或者so far, now, today, this week 等连用。
Computers have been widely used since the 1970s.
三、副词的位置：often, usually, always, never, hardly, seldom 等副词置于have/ has 与been中间
Such a man has hardly been believed.
四、并不是所有动词都有被动语态。只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词（词组）没有被动语态, 如:happen, take place（发生）, die, appear（出现）, disappear（消
失）, remain, last（持续）, sit , break out（爆发）, come true（实现）, belong to，consist of，run out(耗尽)等 但许多不及物动词加介词或副词构成的短语动词，相当于及物 动词，也可以有被动语态。
但短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语的介词或副词。
如 look after, take care of，take off , look at, send for(请), look up(查词), look down upon (轻视)，listened to The child has been taken good care of by Grandma Wang all these years. 把下面的主动句变为被动句
1. We have completed all the preparations for the task, and we’re ready to start.
2. This company has produced new types of computers.
3. They have interviewed several teachers for the job.
4. George has sent some texts and pictures to his friend’s cellphone.
5. They have developed some programmes for the human resource
department of their company.
主动句与被动句的特殊情况
一、含双宾语的被动
I gave the book to Mr. Smith yesterday.
直接宾语 间接宾语
——The book was given to Mr. Smith (by me) yesterday.
——Mr. Smith was given a book yesterday (by me)
1） give sb. sth/ give sth. to sb.
sb be given sth.
sth be given to sb.
2） bring sb. sth. / bring sth. to sb.
sb. be brought sth.
sth. be brought to sb.
3） tell sb. sth. / tell sth. to sb.
sb. be told sth.
sth. be told to sb.
4）buy sb. sth. / buy sth. for sb.
sb be bought sth.
sth. be bought for sb.
二、不带to的不定式在变为被动语态时要还原to，包括感官动词（see, watch, hear等）和使役动词（make, let, have）
1）I heard her cry last night. →
She was heard to cry last night.
2）The boss makes them work all day and all night. →
They are made to work all day and all night.
三、当主动句的宾语是that引导的宾语从句，可转换为两种形式的被动句。
People believe that he is an honest boy. →
方法1) 把宾语从句里的主语变成被动句的主语，同时把宾语从句中的谓语变成不定式短语。
The boy is believed to be an honest one.
It is believed that he is an honest boy.
方法2) 用先行的it作形式主语，把宾语从句变成后置的主语从句；
We all think that we could win the game.
We are thought to win the game.
It is thought that we could win the game.
四、主动形式表示被动意思的动词
1) 感官动词: look, sound, smell, taste, feel
How sweet the music sounds.
The food doesn’t look as good as it tastes.
2) 主语是物，谓语是表示主语特征或属性的动词。常见的这类动词有write, read, wear, wash, clean, sell, run等。这些动词常与副词连用。
The book sells well.
This knife cuts well.
This dress washes easily.
This kind of cloth wears long.
This pen writes quite smoothly.
3) be worth doing
The book is worth reading again.
4) need / want / require / deserve doing句型中,动名词表示被动.
The flower needs watering.=The flower needs to be watered . 五、含有主动意义的被动语态(有些动词的被动语态用来表示状态)
When all the students were seated, the professor began his lecture. 就座
The girl is dressed in a blue skirt.
My handbag was gone. 不见了
练习
2. Visitors ________ not to touch the exhibits.
A. will request B. request
C. are requesting D. are requested
3. The new suspension bridge _____ by the end of last month.
A. has been designed B. had been designed
C. was designed D. would be designed
5. – How long ____ at this job?
– Since 1990.
A. were you employed B. have you been employed
C. had you been employed D. will you be employed
6. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _______ yet.
A. are not decided B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
7. All the employees except the manager ____ to work online at home.
A. encourages B. encourage
C. is encouraged D. are encouraged
9. – George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?
– No, I ______. Did they have a big wedding?
A. was not invited B. have not been invited
C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite
10. Because the shop _____, all the T-shirts are sold at half price.
A. has closed down B. closed down
C. is closing down D. had closed down
11. His sister left home in 1998, and _______since.
A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of
C. had not heard of D. has not heard of
12. This coastal area（沿海地区） _______ a national wildlife reserve last year.
A. was named B. named
C. is named D. names
13. Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they ______ before leaving their hometowns.
A. promised B. were promised
C. have promised D. have been promised
14. – What do you think of store shopping in the future?
– Personally, I think it will exist along with home shopping but _______
A. will never replace B. would never replace
C. will never be replaced D. would never be replaced
15. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ______ four days later.
A. rescued B. was rescued
C. has rescued D. had been rescued
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