中考英语同义词、近义词、相似词语辨析
郝小兴
选择填空。
1. He a lot of time playing computer games on weekends. A. takes B. costs C. pays D. spends
2. The clothes in that shop are quite beautiful, but most of them too much.
A. pay B. spend C. take D. cost
3. We will Beijing at about five o’clok tomorrow morning.
A. arrive at B. arrive in C. reach to D. get 4. Today Jim his white shirt and brown trousers. A. is putting on B. is wearing C. is dressing D. in 5. Is the woman yellow your teacher? A. in B. putting on C. wearing D. dressing 6.—Bob, may I your MP4?
—Sure. But you’d better not it to others.
A. keep; lend B. lend; borrow C. borrow; keep D. borrow; lend
7. Don’t forget to “Thank you” when someone opens the door for you. A. tell B. say C. speak D. talk
8.Our newspaper represents the of the people. A. shout B. noise C. voice D. cry
9. Let’s get some about tourism on the Internet. A. information B. message C. invention D. book
10.—Could you give me two on how to learn English well? —Sure.
A. suggestions B. messages C. information D. advice
11. We’re busy because we have so housework to do today. A. few B. little C. many D. much
12. There is milk at home. We have to buy some this afternoon. A. a little B. little C. a few D. few 13. —I’d like grapes and pears. —Oh, I only need orange juice.
A. some; a few B. a few; some C. a little; few D. a little; a few
14. I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but of them came. A. neither B. either C. none D. both
15.—There’s coffee and tea; you can have . —Thanks.
A. either B. each C. one D. it
16.“Have try, you are so close to the answer,”the teacher said to Eric. A. the other B. one another C. other D. another
17. My sister has two skirts. One is yellow; is black. A. other B. another C. others D. the other
18. We don’t have enough nurses to look after the patients. At least are needed.
A. tn another nurses B. more ten nurses C. other ten nurses D. another ten nurses 19. Sam looks like his dad. They are tall. A. either B. any C. all D. both
20. —Which of the two T－shirts will you take?
—I’ll take , one for my brother, the other for myself. A. either B. neither C. all D. both
21.—What the number of the students in your school? —About two thousands. A number of them from England. A. is ; are B. is ; is C. are ; is D. are ; are
22. the teachers in their school is about 200 and one fourth of them are teachers.
A. A number of ; women B.A number of ; woman C. The number of ; women D. The number of ; woman 23.—Guess how much it costs?
—I think it costs 15 and 20 dollars. A. from B. between C. among D.with
24.—What do you often do classes to relax yourself? —Listen to music.
A. over B. among C. between D. through 25.—The cake looks . —Yes, and it tastes even _______.
A. well ; good B.nice ; better C. good; worse D. better; best
26. I didn’t sleep ______ last night. I feel tired now. A. well B. nice C. fine D. good 27.—_______ do you visit your grandparents? —Once a week.
A. How long B. How often C. How soon D. How many
28.—_______ will the 30th London Olympic Games be held, do you know? —In two years.
A. How long B. How often C. How soon D.How much
29.—Granny, you look so weak. What’s wrong with you? —Terrible. The factory made _______ noise. It was ______ noisy that I couldn’t sleep well last night. A. too much; so B. much too; so C. too much; too D. too much; much too 30.—Has John come _______?
—Yes. He has ______ been here for 10 minutes.
A. yet ; already B. already ; yet C. already ; already D. yet ; yet
【辨析与讲解】
1.spend，take，cost，pay
Spend的宾语通常是时间、金钱。在主动语态中，句子的主语必须是人，而且后面不能用动词不定式作宾语。如：
She spent the whole evening（in）reading.她把整个晚上用来读书。 take常用来指“花费”时间，句子的主语通常是表示事物的词。如： How long will this job take you？你做这项工作要花多长时间？
cost指花费时间、金钱或力气等，只能用表示事物的词作主语，且不能用于被动语态。如： How much does the jacket cost？这件夹克多少钱？
pay主要指主语（某人）买某物（或为某事）付多少钱（给某人）。如： I pay for my rooms by month.我按月支付房租。 2. arrive，get，reach
三者均可表示“到达”，arrive后通常接介词at（一般用于较小的地方）或in（一般用于较大的地方）。如：
We arrived at the station five minutes late.我们晚了5分钟到达车站。 get 之后通常接介词to。如：
When we got to the park，it began to rain.我们到达公园时，就开始下雨了。 reach是及物动词（较get更正式），其后可直接跟地点名词作宾语（后面不能接介词）。
如：
He reached Beijing yesterday.他昨天到达北京。 3.speak，say，talk，tell
这四个动词都有“说”的意思。speak的意思是“讲话；演讲”，着重指说话的动作，指开口说或连续不断地说，多用作不及物动词；用作及物动词时，其宾语常是表示语言的词。如：
He can speak Japanese.他会说日语。
Say的意思是“说；讲”，一般用作及物动词，着重指说话的内容，它的宾语可以是名词、代词或直接引语等。如：
She says，“Don’t draw on the wall!”她说：“别在墙上画画”！
Talk的意思是“说；讲；谈话”，与speak的意义比较接近，但不如speak正式，着重强调两人之间的相互谈话，也可指单方面的讲话。如：
She is talking with John in English.她正在和约翰用英语交谈。
tell意为“告诉；讲述；吩咐”，多指以口头方式将某事告诉某人，常接双宾语。除为story，news，truth，joke，lie（谎言）等直接宾语外，还可以接人等间接宾语。如：
She is telling the children a story.她正在给孩子们讲故事。 4.bring，take，carry，fetch
这四个词都是动词，都含有“带”或“拿”的意思，但使用的场合各不相同。 bring作“带来；拿来”解。如：
Next time don’t forget to bring me a copy of your work.下次不要忘了带一份你的作品给我。
take是bring的对语，作“带去，拿去”解。如： Take the box away，please.请把盒子拿走。
Carry表示“运载；携带”，运送的方式很多，可以用车、船，也可以用手甚至用头。如： This bus is licensed to carry 100 passengers.这辆巴士可以载一百人。 fetch表示“去拿来”。如：
Please fetch me the documents in that room.请到那个房间去把文件给我拿来。 5.wear，put on，in，dress
Wear意为“穿着；戴着”，强调穿的状态。如： I often wear white trousers.我经常穿白裤子。
put on意为“穿上；戴上”，强调穿的动作，其宾语是衣服、鞋、帽等。如：
It’s very cold outside.You’d better put on your coat.外面很冷，你最好穿上外套。
in是介词，表示“穿着；戴着”，后接“衣服或颜色”，由它所构成的短语只能作表语或定语。如：
He was in a new black coat.他穿着黑色的新外套。 dress表示动作或状态，常跟人作宾语，意为“给„„穿衣”。如：
Could you please help me dress the children？你能帮我给孩子们穿上衣服吗？ 【注意】当dress表示状态时，一般用be dressed in。 6.borrow，lend，keep
borrow意为“借入”，表示主语向别人借东西，是短暂性动词，不能和表示时间段的状语连用。常用于borrow sth. from sb.结构。如：
I borrowed a pen from her.我向她借了一支钢笔。
lend 意为“借出”，表示主语把东西借给别人，常用于lend sb.sth.或lend sth. to sb.结构如： Could you lend me some money？=Could you lend some money to me？你能借我一些钱吗？
keep在表示“借”时，是延续性动词，通常表示“借某物多长时间”，多接for短语表示时间。如：
—How long can I keep the book？这本书我能借多少时间？ —You can keep it for a week.你可以借一个星期。 7.noise，voice，sound
Sound作“声音”解，含义最广，指可以听到的任何声音。如： a weak sound 微弱的声音
noise 作“噪音；嘈杂声；吵闹声”解，指不悦耳、不和谐的声音。它既可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词。如：
Another kind of pollution is noise.另外一种污染是噪音。
Voice 作“声音”解时，多指人发出的声音，包括说话声、歌声和笑声。如： He shouted at the top of voice.他高声呼喊。 有时也用于引申意义，作“意见、发言权”解。如： I have no voice in the matter.对于这件事，我没有发言权。 8.information,message
Information 是不可数名词，指通过学习、阅读、观察等而得到的“情报；消息”。如： He wanted to get some new information for the computers.他想得到一些有关计算机的新信息。
message 意为“音信”，一般指口头传送或书写的“消息”，是可数名词。如： I’ll leave a message on his desk.我会在他桌上留个字条。
注意：“两条信息”可表示为：two pieces of information或two messages. 9.few,a few,little, a little, several,some
few 和little的意思是否定的,表示“很少”或“几乎没有”；而 a few和a little的意思是
肯定的，表示“有一些，有一点儿”。 few和a few修饰可数名词；little和a little修饰不可数名词。
Several用于修饰可数名词，语意比a few和some 更肯定，含有“好几个”的意思。 some可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。 10．both,either,neither
both意为“（两者）都”， either意为“（两者中）任意一个” neither意为“（两者）都不”。如：
He has two daughters;both of them are beautiful.他有两个女儿；两个都漂亮。 He has two daughters; eithe of them are beautiful.他有两个女儿；每个长得都很漂亮。 He has two daughters;neither of them is beautiful.他有两个女儿，两个都不漂亮。 它们既可用作代词，也可作形容词。用作形容词时，both后接复数名词，而either和neither之后要接单数可数名词。
注意：三者用作代词并作主语时，both 之后的谓语动词通常用复数形式，either和neither之后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。
11.other,another,the other,any other
other泛指“其他的，另外的”，复数形式others 表示“另一些”，each other 表示“相互”。如：
Shall we make it some other time?我们能否定其他时间？
Some of us like singing and dancig,others prefer sports.我们中有些人喜欢唱歌跳舞，而另一些人则喜爱运动。
another表示不定数目中的另一个，意为“再一，又一”，一般接单数名词。但如果another后有few 或具体数词时，可接复数名词。如：
I want another student to help me.我需要另外一个学生来帮助我。 I want to eat another two apples.我想再吃两个苹果。
the other指“两者中的另一个”，one„the other„表示“一个„„另一个„„”。the other 也可指将某一整体为两部分时，所提到的另一个部分，此时它可修饰复数名词。
any other常用作形容词，其后跟可数名词的单数形式；作“无论哪一个，哪一些”讲时，其后跟名词复数形式。如：
He is taller than any other student in his class.他比他们班上任何其他的学生都要高。 12.a number of,the number of
a number of的意思是“许多的，大量的”，相当于many/ a lot of,后跟可数名词复数。a number of„作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
A number of foreignes are learning Chinese.许多外国人正在学汉语。
the number of„的意思是“„„的数量/数目”，该结构与名词连用时，中心词是the
number，作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
The number of giant pandas is getting smaller and smaller because their living areas are becoming farmlands.大熊猫的数量越来越少，因为它们的生活区域被变为农田。
13.among，between
between的意思是“在„„中间，在„„之间”，一般指在两者之间。如： There is a table between two windows.在两扇窗户之间有一张桌子。
among的意思是“在„„中间，在„„之中”，一般指在三个或三个以上的同类事物之中。如：
The teacher distibuted them among the students.老师把这些东西分给了学生。 14.how long，how often，how soon
how long指多长时间，主要用来对一段时间（如three days，four weeks等）提问。如：
How long ago was it ？这是多久前的事了？
how often指每隔多久，主要用来对频率副词或状语（如once a week等）提问。如： —How often does he come here？ —Once a month.每月一次。
how soon指再过多久，主要用来对表示将来的一段时间（in an hour，in two weeks等）提问。如：
How soon can you come？你多快能赶来？ 15. too much，much too
too much的含义是“太多”，much为中心词。可修饰不可数名词、动词。也可充当代词，代替上下文提到的事物。如：
We’ve had too much rain lately.最近我们这里的雨下得太多了。 much too意为“太”，too为中心词。在句中修饰形容词或副词。如： He drove much too fast.他开车开得太快了。 16. already，stil，yet
Already一般用于肯定句，常与完成时连用，但也可用于疑问句中，表示惊奇。如： Are you tired already？I don’t believe it!你已经累了吗？我不相信！ still意为“仍然，还是”，多用于肯定句和疑问句中，强调动作正在进行。如： They are still working.他们还在工作。
yet 意为“已经，还，尚，仍”，一般用于否定句和疑问句中，常位于主要动词前或句末。如：
We haven’t been to Beijing yet.我们还没有去过北京。
他（每隔）多久来一次？
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