CNA, LPN(LVN),RN 的区别
http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5cefed860100bxfp.html
CNA 全称是Certified Nursing Assistant,一般高中毕业后在社区大学或是大的医院里经过6到12周的培训,培训的内容大致有:怎样测量病人生命体征,初浅的一些解剖,生理,感染,营养的理论。工作的内容:病人的生活护理,还有测量生命体征。有些医院的CNA还兼职一些秘书的功能,帮忙在电脑上输入实验室ORDER,接接电话,发发传真等。一年的工资大概在$23,663美元和$29,801 之间,当然有些个做的年数长了工资稍微高那么一点点,在我们医院我知道的CNA小时工资大概在10到15美元一小时。
LVN/LPN全称licensed practical nurse/licensed vocational nurse,也是在高中毕业后申请一年的学校。LVN/LPN比CNA正规,大致相当于在国内的护士。有比较正规的护理课程,不过所做的工作一般都是在RN的监护下完成,可以派发药物,简单的查体,测生命体征,有IV证书的LVN/LPN还可以打静脉针。一年的工资大概在24,500美元和46,000美元之间。有经验和没有经验的工资差的比较多。LVN/LPN还可以再深造成为RN。很多学校都有类似的专业可以让你升级为RN。
RN 全称Registered Nurse,高中毕业后入社区大学或是综合大学读3到5年课程。学历有大专(3年)或是本科(5年)。还有一种本科是加速的,在你已经有一个其它本科学位的条件下入学,一般2年的课。毕业后要考NCLEX,也就是护士执照。在医院里的工作是检查病人,制定护理计划,发药,打针,和医生交流,接医嘱等等。因为很多美国的医院里没有医生(除了非常大的教学医院),RN就是第一线,病人有什么情况,RN要做出判断,然后打电话给医生汇报,再接医嘱执行医嘱。工资一般在47,110到69,800美元之间。有无经验工资也差很多。但是专科本科差的不多。
一句话 按职责RN〉LPN/LVN〉CNA 按赚钱 RN〉LPN/LVN〉CNA 还有只有是RN才可以移民,只有是本科以上的RN才可以拿工作签证。
美国护士的分级说明
http://www.21wecan.com/gjhz/hwsc/hwsc_05050813.htm
美国护士的分级说明:
护士助理(Nurse Aide)Certified Nursing Assistant - CNA
CNA 通称为 Nurse Aide,又译为护士助理,基本相当中国医院的护工或护理员和台湾的护佐。 CNA 的工作主要在病人的个人生活和住院护理,比如洗澡,更换床单、翻身、测量体温、测试血压呼吸脉博等。法律规定,助理护士并不能从事发药、打针,及任何的无菌技术护理工作。
美国有很多的临床医院,都雇用从事 CNA 工作的人,但并不给予 CNA 的名义。在美国,一般统称这些从事 CNA 工作的人员 为UAP (Unlicensed Assistant Personnel)。
美国规定, CNA 被视为一般劳工,不需通过执照考试,只需要通过一个简单的护理技术考试,取得一张证书后就可以开始工作。Nurse Aide 只需要七十五小时的短期培训,不需要高等教育。通过考试,视当地规则而定。只做基本的病人看护工作,有可能到病人的家中,或在医院里工作。严格地说,此类工作尚不能视为护士。 执照职业护士(LVN/LPN)Licensed Vocational (Pratical) Nurse
LPN 在加州称为LVN,直译为职业护士,相当于中国及港台的护士,工作性质基本相同。LPN 的工作是在 RN 的监督及指导下,提供基本安全有效的护理知识和技术,执行并完成由 RN 所制定的护理计划,工作职责比较偏重于护理技术方面,比如伤口护理,无菌技术,发药打针等方面。法律规定,LVN 不能作评估和分析,也不能给静脉注射。
LVN 和 RN 一样,都必须通过美国或州的护士执照考试,取得该州执照后,才能在该州工作。LVN 通常需要数月至一年的课堂学习和医院实习,并要通过执照考试。执照职业护士主要在美国的医院或老人护理中心等地方工作,在 RN 的指导下作初级护理工作。据统计,美国医院雇用的执照职业护士有减少的趋势,不过由于美国婴儿潮一代逐渐步入中老年,持牌操作护士的需求量将还会有增加的趋势。 注册护士(RN)Registred Nurse (RN)
美国的注册护士 RN 占护士人数的大多数,注册护士需要两年至四年的大学教育,考取 RN 执照。
美国护士有三种学位:二年制的学院学位(ASN)、四年制大学的学士学位(BSN),二至三年医院附属护士学校的文凭(ADN)。这三种学位都具备申请美国护士执照考试资格,可以通过各州护理局举办的考试成为注册护士。
由于美国医院附属的护士学校的学生实习的机会要比其它护理院校的学生多,学生在在校学习期间就已经有较多的实践经验,毕业后就更受欢迎。两年制的小区学院,是一种比较快捷和省钱的方法,在两年毕业后也可以考取护士执照。美国 小区学院的学费便宜,是学习护理的很好选择。但是,目前申请美国小区学院的护理系比较困难,往往是50~60个名额有600~700百名申请者,而且即便是幸运地被录取后,也有因学习成绩不佳,而被淘汰掉的可能。
因为四年制大学护理系的毕业学生受过完整的大学教育及专业知识,最受医院雇主的欢迎,工薪也较高。任何护士想要逐步作管理、研究等高阶工作,最基本都要有四年制大学的学士学位。不少二年制学院和医院附属学校毕业的学生虽然也可做注册护士,以后升职则比较困难。因此美国不少学校,比如AMSC 开办了从 LVN 到 ADN、BSN 的课程,或者远程的 RN 课程。学习时间在一年半到二年半,让这类学校的毕业生取得BSN 的学位。
如果注册护士(RN )希望有更多的发展,成为高级职业护士(APN)、门诊专门护士(CNS)、助产士(NM)及执照麻醉护士(CNA),需要有研究生学位。研究生学位需要一至二年。美国特别缺少及需要有研究生学位的高级职业护士。 根据统计, 1992 年毕业的研究生护士18 万5 千,但是实际需要的却是39万多人。美国高级护士特别受到健保组织的青睐,这是因为高级护士可以从事医生和麻醉师的一部份工作,但是其工资却比医生低很多。 美国护士的最高学位是博士。护士博士学位主要是从事学术研究、大学教师和高阶护士的管理。
美国五十个州都有法律要求护士专业或护士学校取得本州岛的高校资格鉴定。美国还有一个全国性的护士资格鉴定机构叫全国护士联盟(NLN)。
虽然并没有法律要求护士教育机构必须取得 NLN 的资格认可,但通常认为,取得州里和NLN 资格鉴定的教育机构,其毕业生在申请更高学位时会有较强的竞争力。注册护士要通过由全国牌照考试委员会(NCLEX)所举行的考试。
申请注册护士(RN)专业一般需要报考者有较高的科学和数学课程的学分。要考SAT,一般需1000分以上。外国学生需考托福,需要550分以上的成绩。
医学科学的发展对护士职业提出了更高的要求。从早期的照顾病人,发药打针等基本看护,转变到今天操作各种先进的医疗设备和计算机系统等高科技护理技术。在从治疗为主逐步转变到预防为主的医疗体系中,护士的角色更加越来越接近于医护顾问。
注册护士也是一种收入较高的职业,没有失业的困扰。除了救死扶伤的职业自豪感之外,收入也是非常稳定。四年制毕业的注册护士起薪在 3 万 5 元~4 万 5 元,研究生毕业的高级护士起薪在5 万~ 6 万 。从事麻醉的注册护士,平均收入有6 万5~ 7 万 5 。美国医院目前缺少大量的注册护士,考取注册护士执照是最好的职业考试选择。
每年都有成千上万的护士从世界各地通过 CGFNS 考试后进入美国工作。护士主要来源有英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新加坡、新西兰等发达国家,也有菲律宾、马来西亚、南非、沙特阿拉伯(沙特阿拉伯)等发展中国家。
由于美国严重缺乏护士,美国移民局及有关部门对持有CGFNS证书的护士进入美国工作和申请美国绿卡给予特别的优先,甚至优先于许多专业的硕士和博士,这样就增加了CGFNS 证书的含金量,也是大批外国护士愿意学习及考取 CGFNS 证书的重要原因之一。
AMSC 可以协助申请美国大学及学院的护士课系及美国专业护士学校,护士培训学校及考试复习课程。如因为工作或远离培训学校等原因,AMSC 还可以提供远程护士复习课程及教材,复习考试大纲及练习题供复习学习。 课程内容 美国护理教育学位
2年制护理学院学位 Associate Degree (A.A.S.) (A.S.) 3年制护校毕业证书 Diploma (A.N.D.) 4年制护理学士学位 Baccalaureate (B.S.N.) 2年制护理硕士学位 Master Degree (M.S.N)(M.N.) 2年制护理博士学位 Doctor Degree (N.D.)(D.N.S.)
美国CNS的职能
http://www.exam8.com/yixue/hushi/congye/shewai/201006/1778650.html
1.护理专家职能CNS作为专家型的护士正逐步受到重视。其任务主要是为病人进行健康评估、做出护理诊断,对治疗中护理的参与以及参与的效果负责。CNS利用自己的丰富专业知识和技能,通过与患者的直接接触,能够发现患者存在或潜在的问题,预测护理效果,从而决定最有效的护理措施。
2.教育职能主要是对患者、家属以及社区预防体系中的公众进行健康教育。CNS覆盖的领域包括妇女保健、一般健康保健、晚期肿瘤护理、出院指导、糖尿病、老年护理及婴幼儿健康保健等。
3.护理顾问职能其职责是利用整体护理理论知识和经验为特殊的群体提供专业领域的信息和建议,具有直接和非直接的护理功能。直接的护理功能是指履行护士职责。间接护理功能是指其行使患者代理人、医疗护理顾问、临床教师、护理质量监督者、护理研究者、联络者和革新者等职责。
4.研究职能是否从事研究工作是CNS和CN的重要区别之一。CNS参与护理研究。他们在临床工作中发现问题,并致力于研究解决这些问题,最后将先进的研究成果应用到他们的专业领域。
5.管理职能是指参加相应的管理委员会,考核评价护理质量,医学教.育网特别是对CNS参与的护理效果进行评定,其职责还包括预算、市场开发、社会效益评估。
美国护士RN考试介绍
http://www.exam8.com/yixue/hushi/congye/shewai/201005/1778623.html
“注册护士”Registered Nurse,简称RN,在美国是一种专业人员,无论在美国的哪一州,都必须通过该州的专业执照考试,取得该州颁发的注册护士执照,才能从事护理工作。
美国州护士局
在美国,联邦政府与州政府之间权利与职责是有区别的。联邦政府不负责护士执照的颁发,也没有各州之间通用的执照。每个州有各州特定的护士法律条例,由该州护士局(State Board of Nursing)执行该州护士的政策和管理。对注册护士的执照考试而言,从接受报名,学历与工作经历的要求,护士资格的审核,通过考试后护士执照的颁发,以及对其颁发执照持有人的查询,到而后每年执照的更新,或其他州RN执照的换发等,都属于该州政府护士局的管辖范围。
全国护士局联合委员会
各州护士局为了统一全美国的护士水平,也为了避免各州分别举办不同的执照考试,以及不同州之间换发执照的困扰,因此共同组织了一个“全国护士局联合委员会”National Council of State Board of Nursing,简称“NCSBN”。从1987年起,统一举办“全国联合委员会注册护士执照考试”National Council Licensure Examination for Registed Nurses,简称NCLEX-RN.要取得注册护士执照,首先须向该州护士局申请执照考试(Licensure Examination)资格,经审核批准后,再向“全国护士局联合委员会”报名参加“注册护士执照考试(NCLEX-RN)”。通过考试后,才能拿到该州颁发的注册护士执照。
注册护士执照考试
从1994年4月起,NCLEX-RN(注册护士执照考试)从传统的纸笔方式转变为电脑方式,称为Computerized Adaptive Test,简称NCLEX-CAT.电脑考试与以前传统纸笔方式基本相同,考生不须有电脑知识要求。
NCLEX-RN(注册护士执照考试)的考试内容是按照美国护校新毕业生应具有的知识和能力而拟定的,分为护理理论和临床两部分,包括护理工作的五个传统领域,即内科、外科、产科、儿科和精神科,采取整体综合性考试,并不是各科分科考试。
NCLEX-RN考试结构
NCLEX-RN或称NCLEX-CAT的题目为四选一或多选题。考题数目依考生临场表现而定。最少75题,最多265题。考试时间5小时,2小时后休息10分钟。考试时电脑每次只显示一题,每题都必须回答,否则不会显示下一题。已回答过的题目不能查看或修改。电脑会根据考生的答题质量来给出随后的考题。如考生回答正确,电脑将提高考题的难度;回答错误,则将降低考题难度。考试成绩是由正确答案的难度、而非正确答案的数量来决定的。因此,当电脑根据考生的答题难度与正确率,对考生水平作出判断(即合格和不合格)后,就会停止该考生的考试。若无法确定,考生就得继续答题,直至电脑可以判断考生的程度为止。当满5小时(包括考前练习及考间休息)或考生做完了265题时,考试也结束。
考试结果:
考完试后,电脑机构不会立刻告诉你考试结果,但会将你的成绩立即传给该州的护士局。该州护士局会在2~3周内把考试结果通知考生。考试采用合格分数线,并不通知具体考试分数。如没通过,考生可以重考,但每次要等45~90天后才能重考,重考次数限制是由各州护士局分别而定的。采用VUE QUICK RESULT的州可以在VUE账户内付款查询考试结果。
美国护士的级别与其收入
http://www.nursesky.com/GoAbroad/2007/2007-11-28/16040.html
助理护士 Nurse Aide 待遇: 平均年薪为$1.7万
职责: 在注册护士指导下做些基本病人起居和卫生的护理。 持牌实习护士 Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) 待遇: 平均年薪为$3. 2万
职责: 在注册护士的指导下作初级护理工作以及执行注册护士所订的护理工作计划(含打针,给药,收集病人大小便及血液样本等的技术性工作)。 注册护士 Registered Nurse (RN) 待遇: 平均年薪为$4.5万
职责: 护理人员执行整个护理工作过程的控制者。 护师 Nurse Practitioner(N P) 待遇: 平均年薪为$6-9万
职责: 可从事相当一部分医生的工作,履行某些医生之前或代医生会诊的职责, 如搜集病史等。
护士长 Nurse Manager 待遇: 平均年薪为 $5-6.5万
职责: 负责主管某一部门的护理管理及护士工作分配。 护理督导 Nurse Supervisor 待遇: 平均年薪为$ 6. 5,-8万
职责: 负责对各科病房或各层病区的督、指导和该病区护理标准的评定、品质的评价、护士长的咨询及病房的管理。
护理部主任 Director of Nursing 待遇: 平均年薪为$ 7.3-9. 2万
职责: 医院护理部门的最高主管阶层,负责医院护理标准的设立与提供,策划各层次护理工作人员的工作方针及发展;并负责领导、管理、组织及协调整个医院的护士和护理工作。 除了以上待遇外,在美国做护士还有下列好处:
1、 为保护理质量,美国很多州有法律规定禁止强迫护士超时工作。
2、 在美国护士是永远不会失业的职业,最容易找工作或换工作单位和居住地(美国各著名城市任意去)。
3、 用人单位提供免费的学习深造机会。
4、 美国法律规定外国护士在美从事护理工作必须享有与美国本国护士同等的待遇和福利。目前美国注册护士平均起薪为每小时18美元至25美元不等,每周工作40小时,超时为一倍半薪金;节假日为双薪。
5、 很多美国医院在聘请外籍护士来美工作时提供免费机票、刚到美国时的基本生活费用、住所等福利。当赴美后通过了美国的护士注册考试成为正式的美国注册护士(RN)时,还会返还你在来美国之前考CGFNS、托福等时所花的费用。
在职护士美国RN执照考试复习计划建议
http://www.nursesky.com/GoAbroad/2007/2007-11-28/16042.html
本计划对于英语较好,基础较强护士的在职复习计划建议,仅代表本人意见。护士,只要愿意考试的,都通过的,几乎没有不通过的。这里,美国的本科生,只要有执照考试的,都是能够通过的,没有不通过的,这是时间问题,而不是其它问题。
到美国来,不是难度问题,只是时间问题。有决心就够了。 时间要求:每天复习时间,3-4小时,周末强化一天 第一部分,200题部分
每天力争看200题,重要的一点,每次只看20题,看10个部份,合计200。这里,每次当你发现自己错误的时候,你必须要把你错的地方抄下来到卡片上,这不要求你抄写整个题目,但一定要包括你不知道的知识点。
最好是能够在2小时里看完这个200题,1小时看100题,这对于旧题不太困难,难度在于,你每天要看一些新题,如果开头不能够在4小时里看这么多,也可以慢慢来。
第3个小时就要多看卡片,反复记忆你的知识点,当然,你可以把这个小时放在这个两小时的中间。 这样的方式,你能够看到自己每天都有进步。。。
如果你一天可以看200题,那么,saunders的4000道题你可以在20天看完,问题在于,你要估计用10倍的时间来完成你的复习,这样的估计是200天时间来完成你的考试准备。到时候你这本书的成绩大约是80-90%,但是,这是不够的。 第二部分, 周末强化一天
总体来说,主要用70%的时间用于你的saunders,20%时间用于你的kaplan, 10%的时间用于其它。 每个周末,就是你用于其它教材的地方,你要考一次新测试题目,大约125题,或者最好是250题,然后看看自己进步如何。当然, 你也要有卡片。免费题目有很多,可以问我要。
美国护理课程设置
http://www.exam8.com/yixue/hushi/congye/shewai/201006/1778644.html
护理课程比较重视社会系统中专业护士的终末行为,学院对教师提出的任务是寻找促进学生价值观形成的方法,提高护理教育中价值观的教育,帮助学生毕业后更好的面对复杂的价值问题。
1.系统的课程设置
多数护理学院的课程设置不仅包括传统的学科课程,还包括保持健康、护理管理与领导、家庭护理、老年护理、计算机应用、康复护理、重症护理、伦理学、经济学等内容。
2.特色的护理课程设置
家庭护理课程、远程教育、跨国文化课程、与护士流动有关的课程,医学教.育网护理学发展史课程。
美国每年70多万人享有临终护理
http://www.exam8.com/yixue/hushi/congye/shewai/201101/1778701.html
百度推广
美国有这样一群特殊的医务人员。他们的工作不是治愈,而是照顾;不是如何把人救活,而是让人怎样有尊严地死去。他们见证生命如何一天天萎缩,经历生命如何从地球上消逝。
临终护理工作,在让他们同死亡如此近距离接触的同时,也对生命和生活有了更深刻感悟。 据新华社电法拉。达利今年33岁,是一名帮助病人走向死亡的神经科医生。她大部分时间往来于不同病人家,这些病人的共性是将很快面临死亡。
今年12月寒冷的一天,达利去拜访已经治疗了8个月的病人奥尔顿。赫拉温。赫拉温曾任美国国务院顾问,今年74岁,罹患皮层基底节变性症。这种病与帕金森氏症类似,医.学教育网慢慢攻击人体神经细胞,导致肌肉酸痛和大脑萎缩,直至病人无法走路或说话,现阶段无法治愈。
虽然距离上次拜访只隔短短几周,但老人病情已开始恶化。达利明白,一次感染、一次摔倒或者卡在气管的一粒药片,就能结束老人的生命。“我觉得,要把这个工作做好,你必须真的和病人建立感情。”达利说。
美国每年70多万人享有临终关怀
1974年,康涅狄格州建立了美国第一所临终关怀中心。1982年,这项服务被纳入美国的医疗保险体系。
美国的临终关怀体系以家庭护理为主,只有一小部分是供病人入住的护理所。1985年,美国共有约1500个临终关怀项目,为16万垂危病人提供护理。到了2005,医.学教育网美国的临终关怀项目发展到约3300个,为95万垂危病人提供护理。
每年约有200万美国人因为可预见的原因而死亡。这200万人中,有1/3在去世前接受了临终关怀服务(2003年,这项数字约为71万人)。大多数人在开始接受临终关怀服务两三周后就去世了。 一年见证400人死压力大
选择这样一份工作,一方面要接受病人即将走向死亡的事实,一方面要帮助病人减轻必须承受的随之而来的痛苦,还要处理自身的压力和郁闷。
“精力耗尽是非常普遍的问题,”美国乔治敦大学临终护理专家帕特南说,“因为这项工作的压力非常非常大。”
华盛顿郊区有家首都临终护理医院,这里每周都会给医务人员、神职人员和志愿者组织丧亲互助协会,让大家安全放心地释放心中悲痛。
斯泰茜。伊沙克是这家医院的领班护士,已经在此工作了11年。10年前她离开癌症科护士的岗位来到了这里,但她承认,有时面对死亡让她无法承受。有一年,她一共见证了400人死去。
美国流动护士好就业
http://www.exam8.com/yixue/hushi/congye/shewai/201101/1778699.html
美国缺医生,更缺护士。随着生育高峰期出生的人逐渐步入老年,学校培养护士的速度越发显得跟不上需求;而为了让病人得到更好的护理,很多州提高了配备护士的比例,这使得美国护士供不应求的局面变得日益紧张。而穿梭服务于各家医院的“流动”护士,也就在美国渐渐流行起来。
今年32岁的埃米。莫里森正是美国大量流动护士中活跃的一员。莫里森告诉记者,流动护士根据分配的任务穿梭于各家医院,在一家医院工作的时间平均不会超过13周。她已经在夏威夷、阿拉斯加、纽约和加利福尼亚等地医院流动工作了6年。她估计,通过流动工作挣的钱要比呆在家乡俄亥俄州时多25%,
而且她通过流动工作到过美国的许多地方。她说:“这样的生活非常棒。”据了解,这些流动护士都受雇佣于人力公司,医.学教育网公司会根据各个医院的需要进行调度。护士的薪水,根据工作经验、地点和专长而不同,一般为每小时22~35美元。一个每周工作40小时、一年工作50周的护士年薪在4.4万~7万美元之间,加利福尼亚的流动护士年薪甚至可能接近10万美元。大部分人力中介公司都会为流动护士支付路费、房费和伙食费。目前,美国护士极为短缺,流动护士缓解了美国护士供不应求的紧张状况。医院表示,流动护士能及时填补休假护士的空缺,但也有人反映,流动护士对医院的工作程序和环境不够熟悉。
美国护士会护理管理人员实践标准简要
http://www.exam8.com/yixue/hushi/congye/shewai/201008/1778673.html
护理部主任有5个基本活动:领导、合作、整合、促进和评价。每一项活动都在营造和维持一个发展的环境和支持专业护理实践。护理部主任领导和展望护理在所在医 院乃至大社会的理念、发展和进步。在这些工作中,护理部主任也对护理服务质量和成本效益负责。护理部主任常常作为护理人员和其它专业人员整合和协作的催化 剂,在决策医院的医疗服务、设施、政策时,护理部主任与医院其他部门主任共同合作,创造一个积极的环境,促使护士提供有效果、有同情心、有效率的护理服 务。护理部主任建立和实施护理实践标准,与专业组织标准、各种制度和常规相一致。护理部主任参与设计和推广伦理守则,护理标准、机构目标和资源,这些设计 包括任务分配和工作流程分析,成本确认,财政计划,以及机构的市场地位所受到的冲击。护理部主任另一个基本任务是评价和改进服务,通过实施有效的质量评估 项目,其中包括护理科研,加强对工作量和质量的双重责任管理,从而使满意度不断提高。护理部主任在专业上、社区以及政府有关健康照顾政策中承担着领导的角 色,致力于健康照顾系统的发展和社会健康照顾水平的提高。
护理部主任和护士长都必须在所在州注册,在此基础上,这两个层次的管理人员在学历、工作经验方面还需具备有不同的要求。
护理部主任需具有护理学士学位和护理硕士学位,或相应领域的硕士学位,包括组织科学、管理概念或能显示同等的胜任能力。护理部主任还必须获得国家级护理组织 的管理证书。护士长最低应有护理学
士学位,或相应领域的学士学位,或其他同等资格。建议能具备硕士学位和国家级护理机构认可的护理管理证书。
成为护理管理人员的护士必须有临床和管理经验,能全面地履行管理者角色所固有的责任。护理管理者需有以下实践领域的知识和研究:机构的行为,管理体系和管理 程序,护理实践标准,临床工作指南,法规、常规和伦理,健康照顾经济,健康和公共卫生政策,商业实践的趋势,医学教.育网消费者健康照顾的有关问题,健康照顾的评价和 结果测评,财政管理和金融。
一些护理部主任和护士长没有达到此资格,这是可以理解的。此标准旨在鼓励和促进护理部主任和护士长力争达到这些要求
美国护士如何保护自己
http://www.nursesky.com/GoAbroad/2008/2008-05-28/17678.html
由于美国起诉护士医疗不当的案件逐步增加,越来越多的美国护士被迫离开病室,走进法庭。虽然针对护士的诉讼仍然很少,但无论是护士个人还是与医疗机构一起,他们时常被卷入民事诉讼案件中。 美国最大的护士责任保险提供商,护士服务组织副总裁DavidGriffiths说,“我们要从两个方面来看这一问题,严重程度和频率。严重程度是指总的费用花费(美国医疗不当案件中采取惩罚性赔偿制度),频率是指诉讼的多少。在过去的十年,我们发现严重程度和频率两个方面都在持续增加。自1997年以来,医疗不当案件的数量和赔偿数额都显著增加。”
由于护士短缺使美国卫生保健体系持续处于紧张状态,医院和其他医疗机构的护士一直超负荷工作,并承受着巨大压力。他们往往被迫填补人手不足部门的空岗,并可能承担太多不必要的责任。研究表明,疲劳和高压力环境可能导致人为差错,从而影响患者的预后。
针对整个医疗机构的渎职诉讼可能包括任何一个参与诊疗过程的护士,而各州护士管理委员会的政策各不相同,即使不是针对个人的诉讼,一旦他们被人控告,有些州也将调查护士。如果被认定有罪,护士可能面临申诉、暂停执业,或被吊销执照。
Griffiths说,“我们一直告诉护士,除医院的保险之外,你还应有一份自己的责任险。你应该确保你的最佳利益,医院和律师为了医院可能不以你的最佳利益为中心,他们会尽力保护医院的利益。” 除了民事诉讼外,一些针对护士的刑事诉讼也在美国出现。面临刑事指控的护士不仅可能会失去执照,还可能会坐牢。
据Griffiths介绍,护士通过采取一些简单的措施,可以保护自己,并可将渎职的相关风险最小化。 □这些措施中,最重要的就是完全记录所有事件。由于在与患者接触的时间中,护士坚持持续的记录,在事件发生后的每次调查中,一个繁忙的护士可以确定发生和没有发生的事情,并消除事件中某些细节的猜测。
□护士与病人信息共享也是很重要的,包括病人正在接受何种药物治疗,以及下一步将要做什么。这样能够预防用药差错、过敏反应,甚至可以使护士想起医生变更了的医嘱。
□在每次执行医嘱前,护士应该仔细检查以确保他们正在执行的是由主治医师开的处方。
□对于自己的局限性,护士应该实事求是。在长期倒班、疾病,尤其是存在压力期间,如果护士需要休息或感觉不能完全妥善照顾病人,他们应该寻求同事的帮助或报告主管。
最后,Griffiths说,尽管采取这些保护措施,医疗不当案件仍时有发生,所以护士也应该考虑用职业责任保险保护自己。
电话上的临终关怀护士
http://www.nursesky.com/GoAbroad/2009/2009-02-02/22944.html
护士RONALD ZACK是一名电话护士, 专职临终关怀病人. 这里他介绍了他的工作内容. 临终关怀护士需要何种专业培训?
临终关怀护理培训是非常基础的. 许多临终关怀机构提供实习和工作培训, 美国临终关怀护士协会也提供很多继续教育项目, 同时颁发相关的专业证书.
一般来说, 如果有过医院个案管理经验, 对从事临终关怀非常有益. 每天的工作日程:
RONALD工作时间表是这样的: 平时从下午5点工作到转天的早上8点. 周末从周五的下午5点工作到周一的早上8点. 主要是处理电话, 电话留言及E-MAIL. 匆话憷此? 除非他在线上忙碌, 否则都会直接接听电话.
大部分的电话是关于病人的症状, 医疗仪器, 和药物. 有些特别情况, 病人家属需要将具体信息通过E-MAIL, 传真发送给RONALD. RONALD根据具体情况再采取行动, 比如派送注册护士, 仪器技师或者社会安全人员.
有些电话是比较简单的, 比如关于药品补充, 尽管简单, 但是处理不好, 会影响病人及家属的心情和舒适状态.
很多电话涉及对患者的指导.
再有, 就是关于死亡的电话. 所有临终关怀机构的职员被要求必须关注死于家中的病案, RONALD指导家属在认为病人有可能死亡时, 首先给临终关怀机构打电话. \"死亡\"这个词是很难说出口的. 家属们常这么说: \"他停止呼吸有十分钟了, 我没办法叫醒他.\"或者\"我想他已经走了, 但是我不能确认.\" RONALD要正确理解家属的反应,使用正确的词语, 优先处理. 一般来说, 家属需要一点点和死者独自相处的时间,之后, 会盼望尽快有人来处理相关事宜.
RONALD还会接到电话医嘱及医院个案管理人员的推荐病人. 一旦接到推荐病人的电话,RONALD要立刻开始下列工作: 预约评估, 检查医生医嘱, 为病人和家属提供相关信息.
真正现场工作的注册护士, 要按时向RONALD报告每次随访情况, 并寻求如何解决问题. 每班结束时,RONALD要向下一班交代待解决的E-MAIL和电话留言. 此项职业会使护士得到什么样的回报?
RONALD喜欢这种远距离分析问题解决问题所带来的挑战. 这个工作要求护士运用已经掌握的临床知识, 同时需要良好的社会精神方面的沟通技巧, 在各种病案的实际情况下帮助病人和家属度过危机.特别是作班时间轻松自由. RONALD可以在家, 在任何地方工作. 实际上, RONALD的家在亚利桑那, 而临终关怀机构则在加利福尼亚州. RONALD在度假的时候, 只需要一部手提电脑, 一部手机就可以在旅馆里轻松完成工作.
美国护士收入比医生还高
http://www.nursesky.com/GoAbroad/2010/2010-05-21/31127.html
美国医生收入高为世人所周知,从事医生这一职业需要博士毕业,而且还要经过长时间的医生实习期。医生赚得多,但工作时间也长,而且责任重大。尽管现在美国医生短缺,读医学院的学生反而是减少了。根据预测,美国目前至少还需要5万名医生。如果不采取行动,到2025年,美国可能缺少20万名医生。在乡村地区,医生人数减少的现象尤为严重。此外,两个更需要医疗照顾的人群不断扩大,一是老年人,二是以移民和穷人为主的没有医保的人。在这种情况下,医生的短缺已对美国医保改革构成了挑战。
然而对于一些医生而言,他们还有自己的另一种苦恼,那就是他们的收入还不如一些高级护士高。2009年,美国家庭医生的平均年薪是17.3万美元,而护士麻醉师的年薪为18.9万美元。2010年,家庭医生的年薪有所上涨,为17.8万美元,而护士麻醉师的年薪有所下降,为18.6万美元,家庭医生的收入还是不如护士麻醉师这类高级护士高。
护士麻醉师只是美国高级护士中的一类,护士麻醉师和麻醉师的工作性质基本差不多,而两者在医学上的差异仅是一种职业上的分工。护士麻醉师和麻醉师在接受专业训练时使用同样内容的教材和同样的案例,而且为病人打麻药的方式也相同。但因两者所接受的教育程度不同、在职业上就有了阶层上区别。同样为病人打麻药,护士麻醉师的工作被称为从事护理工作的一部分,而麻醉师为病人打麻药则叫做给病人用药。由于麻醉师的短缺,护士麻醉师就格外抢手,而收入自然也就不会低了。在过去4年,医院在招聘护士麻醉师时,其薪水一直高于家庭医生。
家庭医生或是其他专科医生比高级护士接受的专业训练要长4到5年,按道理其收入应比高级护士高出许多。当然美国很多类专科医生要比高级护士的年收入高出3倍到5倍,但也有一部分医生的收入的确比高级护士低。所以美国有的家庭医生感叹,他们是医生中的“二等公民”。
其实在美国,护士行业已成为一个高薪职业,至少有10种护士工作的年薪超过10万美元。例如,危急病房护士长收入最高10%人群年薪可达12.4万美元,养老院护士长收入最高10%人群年薪为12.3万美元,医院护士长收入最高10%人群年薪为23.1万美元,护士麻醉师收入最高10%人群年薪为19.9万美元,护理医生收入最高10%人群年薪为10.8万美元,助产
士收入最高10%人群年薪为10.5万美元,产科护士长收入最高10%人群年薪为11.7万美元,急诊室护士长收入最高10%人群年薪为11.6万美元,重症病房护士长收入最高10%人群年薪可达11.9万美元,手术室护士长收入最高10%人群年薪可达12.6万美元。
相反一些医生的收入在美国医生界属于低收入阶层,例如家庭医生,年收入最低10%人群年薪是12.5万美元,全美国家庭医生的中位年薪为16万美元。儿科医生低收入年薪为12.9万美元,老年病医生低收入年薪为13.5美元,非专科医生低收入年薪11.9万美元,牙医9.9万低收入年薪美元,内分泌科医生低收入年薪为14.6万美元。
奥巴马推动的医改法案在国会通过后,由于初级保健医生数量不足,无法满足剧增的市场需求,为解决这一困境,美国28个州计划扩大护士的权力,使她们承担起初级保健医生的职责。美国的护士从业者在医疗体系中扮演着重要角色。尽管护士们有着丰富的照料病人经验,受过长期严格的教育培训,但她们的权力和薪酬仍与医生存在较大差距。相关法律在一定程度上限制了她们的权力范围,例如,佛罗里达和阿拉巴马禁止护士为病患开管制药物,而还有不少州要求医生签字同意,护士才能进行某些诊疗。
其中颇受争议的是“博士”(Dr。)这一称呼。有的州明令禁止护士们自称“某某博士”,认为这是医生独有的名号。这令护士们感到不平衡,毕竟获得博士学位的护士不乏其数。美国护理学院协会规定,到2015年为止,博士学位将成为高级护士资格的新标准。然而美国医学协会仍竭力反对扩大护士权力的提案。他们坚称医生的短缺并不能被当作为护士放权的理由。护士不具备医生般的知识和能力来对病人负责。如果医生不够,就增加医生的数量。
如何证明护士的从医能力,解除美国医学协会等的质疑非常关键。一项实验结果也许能成为有力佐证。研究人员把1300名病人随机分配给了医生和护士,6个月之后的实验结果显示:病患们的整体健康水平以及单项身体指标都非常接近。尽管如此,美国医学协会仍表示护士是无法取代医生的。
不过医改法案的通过,已经让助产士获得和妇产科医生同等的薪酬水平。这为美国的护士从业者打了一针强心剂。此外,医改法案还投入大量资金对护士展开培训。如果为护士放权的提案在美国28州获得通过,那么有一天我们看病时,也许就是去“看护士”而非“看医生”了。
关于美国助理护士CNA(Certified Nursing Assistant)的试题哪里有的下载?? http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/130572948.html What is a Certified Nursing Assistant?
Nurse Assistants perform routine tasks in the general care of hospital, clinic, and nursing home patients. C.N.A.’s work directly under the supervision of registered and vocational nurses. C.N.A.’s perform services that require less training, therefore, freeing the medically trained staff for more highly skilled, specialized duties. What tasks do Certified Nursing Assistants do?
Answers patient call lights
Bathes, dresses and undresses patients Tidies patients’ room, changes soiled linen Assists with personal hygiene Serves meals, water and snacks Feeds patients who need help
Transports patients, helps patients walk
Takes and records temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure Records food and liquid intake and output Collects specimens; urine, stool, sputum
Performs procedures including Heimlich maneuver, isolation, Universal Precautions, gait belt, post mortem care
Observes and reports unusual conditions
Measures height and weight using bed, chair and balance scales Students with Foreign Transcripts:
Students with foreign transcripts must have their transcripts evaluated by one of the following three companies prior to applying: International Education Research Foundation Academic Credentials Evaluation Institute American Education Research Center (310) 258 – 9451 (310) 275 – 3530 (626 ) 339 – 4404 www.ierf.org www.acei1.com Revised: 1/
中国人和美国人到底有什么不同
http://www.nursesky.com/GoAbroad/2009/2009-10-11/28247.html
朋友常常对我说“来吧来吧,尽情欢笑,随我来吧,跟着节奏一起摇摆,随着音乐一起开怀。因为这里有自由、这里有民主,这里是,自由、民主、独立的王国USA。”
曾经有过许多美国朋友问我:“你看中国人和美国人的主要区别是什么?”
我说:“我们吃熟食,你们吃生的;我们保守,你们开放;我们在小事上团结大事上分歧,而你们,无论大小事都拧成一条绳。你们不怕别人关注,唯恐别人不在乎。你们有创新、勇于探索的精神;而我们,工作兢兢业业,上班按时按点规规矩矩……”美国朋友点头称是。
在一个国家生活久了,不说入乡随俗但至少会感染一些气息,看人家的说话、办事风格,学习人家值得学习的、优秀的地方。
美国朋友常常跟我说“怎么好像全世界都憎恨美国人?”我说“那是因为你们特立独行,因为你们专横、霸道,还有矗立于世界之巅让屈居他位者眼红。”朋友补充“还有,因为我们,NOSE TO EVERYBODY’S BUSINESS……”我说“很对。”
以下数条,为日常生活中种种见闻,不说全面却都是亲身经历,也许还有未收录到的。 一、问候
国人打招呼,一般都是“吃了吗?”“瘦了啊!”“最近在哪发财呢?”比较的虚情假意一类。美国人,比较现实,遇到了,相互微笑一下就走了。要么,就停下来拥抱一下,问问最近的身体,有家庭的问问孩子怎么样一类的,反正不会超过一分钟。 二、量杯
美国人用量杯,中国人不用。刚来的时候,自己还是租房子住,有一次病了,房东太太给我一瓶感冒药(就液体那种),一个量杯,她让我照着说明去使用。以前在国内的时候没怎么注意过,一直以为,量杯是药剂师的事。
后来,自己买了房子,自己烧水、煮饭、做菜,虽然还在分期付款,但只要是病了,只要吃药,就会常常想起那个好心的美国老太太,想起她,教我用量杯的轶事。 三、显少
中国人一般都显少,男人50看上去也就30出头,女人30看上去也就十七、八九。美国朋友常常问我“你怎么看上去才像二十出头?”而问我的她,比我还小了好几岁。我说“中国人会保养,没听说‘龙颜大悦’么?”我这么一忽悠,她还真不懂。中国人看字是字,美国人看字是谜。 四、吃食
美国人从不吃什么诸如风爪、猪蹄、鱼头、排骨类的东西,就算有个别的吃,也是很少。中国人爱吃,喜欢吃,讲究吃。风爪味道好,猪蹄养颜、护肤、促进S型美观,排骨就更了不得了,生筋利骨还能补钙。考试大-全国最大教育类网站(www.Examda。com)
美国朋友来我家,看我做的红烧猪蹄、清炖排骨、蘑菇烧鸡,吃了后,啧啧称赞。味道好吖味道好!可让他们去买了自己做?不干。 五、车饰
中国人的车子内一般都比较传统,比如:中国结、红绳子、小可爱、公仔娃之类的装饰物。美国人的车内,比较的OPENMIND,酷点的是骷髅、枪弹,含蓄点的是新奥尔良的狂欢节珠子,挂的越多,说明你在那个地方嗨皮得越爽,也说明你露的次数越多,所以你得到的珠串才多。美国人,以张扬自我为骄傲;中国人,以保守谦虚而自豪。
六、洗浴
美国人,一般都是早上洗澡。洗个澡,神清气爽去上班;中国人,一般都是晚上洗澡。洗个澡,干干净净的睡觉。 刚来的时候,我还是晚上洗澡。日子久了,我早上也洗,晚上也洗。电话回家一报告,妈妈说:别洗多了,洗掉了元气还脱皮!这么一吓,不敢多洗了,可还是早晚各一,改不过来了…… 七、遥控器来源:考试大的美女编辑们
中国人很爱惜东西,爱惜物件。比如电视机的遥控器,发现,真的只有中国人才在自家的遥控器外面还包着塑料舍不得拆掉。美国朋友来我家,问“你的遥控器怎么还包着?”我说“因为可以保护。”他不说话,径直给我拆了,说“这样不是更好用?那个没用了是废物,扔掉好了。”无语。
从此后,我家的遥控器不再包塑料了。认识新的移民熟悉后去到他们家,我也告诉他们“那个不用了,没有用。” 有的听有的不听。有的,还要补充一句“你,被美国化了吧?”
八、安全带
我从来都不喜欢系安全带,因为那让我感觉特不舒服。特别是,它斜斜的系过来,还紧紧的绷着胸部。坐我的美国朋友的车,头一件事就是嘱咐我“系好安全带了吗?”而我,总是心不甘情不愿的系好,然后,还要补充一句“死不了。” 再然后,朋友就开始向我灌输已经倾倒了N次的美国交通法典,还有安全系数,诸如此类,等等,等等。当然我自己开车的时候还是比较老实会系好的,因为加州的法律,被发现了是要开罚单的。为了省银子,只好认了。 九、剔牙
有一次,一个美国朋友问我,他说“我能问你一件事吗?” 我“你说。”
“为什么我在餐馆总是看到有的中国人在吃完饭后剔牙时用手遮着嘴?我们都是大大方方的剔牙。” “……”
“怎么了?”
“因为那不雅观,中国人剔牙总是这么挡着的。” “哦,我还以为他们总是牙痛才捂着呢。。。”
“……”我没说,心里憋着,这个郁闷,下次应该把话题移开。
十、容器
刚来的时候,我比较的节省,留了很多空瓶子。果酱瓶、饮料瓶、红酒瓶、鸡精罐、黄油罐之类的,我看着好看的,比较大方、能盛东西的,我一概留着,我装水用。中国人,很喜欢把别的什么容器的,改造成水杯。在这一点上,他们是天才。
美国朋友来我家,看到了,问我“你晒着这些空瓶子都做什么用哪?”我“它们都是干净的,我都洗了,等他们干了我装水或者其他。”他二话没说就给我全扔垃圾箱了,还教育我“这些东西,都是废物了,你用完了就该扔掉,就算二次回收,那也得由专门的工厂来处理。你这么做,是极不卫生的行为!”心疼啊!那些我攒了又攒的“宝贝”们……
Here are some differences between CNAs and LPNs.....
1. My CNAs earn $9 hourly. I earn more than double their hourly wage ($18.50 per hour, to be more precise).
2. I don't change diapers, feed patients, transfer patients, give baths, or perform what are commonly known as \"CNA duties\".
3. I administer medications and treatments, report changes in condition, dress wounds, verify orders, perform CPR during codes, operate wound vacuums, flush PICC lines, keep G-tubes patent, chart, do assessments, and a whole host of other duties.
4. I posess a state-issued nursing license and am responsible for maintaining it. CNAs are not licensed.
The CNAs are very important to the healthcare team, but I am not one. Please click on the links below to learn the objective differences.
LPN duties and job outlook CNA duties and outlook
** Well, at my job, we are not really doing ADL care for the patients as LPNs, however, if called upon, we
would have to. Passing medications is top priority for us, because medications have to be administered in a timely fashion (not saying that it usually goes that way) in order to keep therapeutic values consistant. I
would help to lift patients if necessary, but to be honest, we get yelled at by the head nurse if meds are not passed out on time the same way the CNA would be disciplined for not doing their job. Like TheCommuter stated, we aren't nursing assistants, therefore, you may not see where we all perform their functions. And, it is not personal...the job is just different.
http://cna2lpn.com/
The Transition Program from CNA to LPN Online
http://ezinearticles.com/?From-CNA-to-LPN:-A-Big-Step-Forward&id=5199193
From CNA to LPN: A Big Step Forward Ads by Google
Online LPN Training topcareerschools.com/nursing Want to take LPN Classes Online? Find & Compare Best Schools Now!
University of Phoenix® Phoenix.edu Official Site. College Degrees for the Real World. Learn More Today.
College Programs for Moms CareerMoms.Search-Schools.com Not Enough Time or Money to Go Back to School? Earn Your Degree Online!
There are several licensed practical nurse (LPN) online programs that can be utilized if you want to transform from being a certified nursing assistant (CNA) to LPN and this is made possible because of distance learning. In some online programs of LPN, it is a requirement that the applicants are already CNAs before getting admitted. An advantage of these online programs is the chance it gives to students so they can work at daytime and deal with their online lessons every night or during spare time.
The core of all LPN online programs is a chain of nursing courses that discuss the different theories and ideas about the profession of nursing. The online classes do not only teach and demonstrate future LPNs how to treat patients but they also touch the subject of diagnosing different ailments and how to effectively communicate with patients. Since a CNA is actually a nurse's assistant and does not have the authority to oversee patients and directly take care of them, the curriculum for LPN is usually very new to most students.
The number of courses require in an LPN program vary. There are programs where the students are required to complete a wide selection of online courses while others require to just completing several courses. Some of these courses on practical nursing can be completed online while some require students to attend personally the sessions so that their mastery on how to care for
patients can be tested. Whichever approach is done, the offered nursing courses give its students the education which is enough to prepare the students for the licensure exam of LPN. Practical nursing requires that a student has a solid foundation of knowledge about the different body systems, organs and tissues of the human anatomy. That's why anatomy course and training are part of the curriculum of LPN programs. Through online lectures a student can learn anatomy and physical laboratory classes can give the students on-hands training about anatomy. Online courses for psychology are meant to assist future LPNs to have better comprehension on the different behavior and decision processes of patients. Also, through psychology course, the students can have awareness on current social issues that are helpful during treatments and in communicating with patients.
Part of the LPN program is computer classes where future LPNs can utilize the software and utilities for reports compilation, statistics calculation and Internet searching for information about illnesses and treatments. Also, it's important for a practical nurse to communicate effectively with patients so courses for the basics of good communication skills are part of the learning process. Leadership skill can also be enhanced with the development of communication skills and this is also necessary to become a good LPN.
So far, the most apparent qualification for a CNA to be admitted in one of the LPN online programs is to have experience as a CNA. Although, this is just one of the several requirements needed to qualify for an online LPN program. An interested student should also pass the entrance test. To know more how you can become an LPN, visit www.onlinelpnprograms.com. Are you looking for more information regarding LPN programs online? Visit http://www.onlinelpnprograms.com today!
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Pieter_West
http://nursinglink.monster.com/education/articles/789
How Does a CNA Become an LPN?
While both Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs) and Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) are both required to work under the supervision of a doctor or registered nurse, LPNs are given greater responsibility and thereby receive higher salaries than their CNA counterparts. LPNs, referred to as Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs) in California and Texas, make the natural “second step” between CNAs and RNs.
The LPN’s role is often that of a middle-manager. A self-starter who, by virtue of added experience, is able to prepare procedural rooms, and in some states set-up IVs and administer medication to patients. RNs often give LPNs added independence that CNAs do not have.
Salary Difference
On average, LPNs earn $40,000 per year. This is $13,000 more than the average CNA salary of $27,000.
What Additional Education is Necessary?
Would You Pass the NCLEX?
NCLEX Review: Part I NCLEX Review: Part II NCLEX Review: Part III NCLEX Review: Part IV NCLEX Vocab Review NCLEX Math Review
The training/education requirements vary from state to state. According to one NursingLink member who is making the switch, the state of California requires 51 months of experience in an acute hospital. Clinical specialty requirements include: 200 hours in pediatrics; 200 hours in genitourinary or maternity; 64 hours in Pharmacology; and 64 additional hours in one of these specialty areas.
Keep in mind that the method described above only refers to the requirements of one state. Please refer to your home state’s board of nursing for more specific information.
Where do LPNs Work?
Traditionally LPNs have worked in a wide variety of patient care settings. With the trend towards shorter and more affordable RN-focused programs, hospitals are now hiring less and less LPNs. Most new LPNs are working in nursing homes and skilled nursing facilities. These types of facilities are expected to witness strong job growth due to large increases in the over-65 population. This trend should compensate for the decline of LPN positions available in hospitals.
What Education Programs Are Available?
Most LPN/LVN programs are available at vocational and community colleges throughout the country. They vary in length depending on each state’s requirements, but on average these programs require two years of study. Prospective LPN/LVNs must also pass the national NCLEX-PN before they can begin working in a hospital setting. For additional information on specific LPN/LVN programs, please check out this page.
While both Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs) and Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) are both required to work under the supervision of a doctor or registered nurse, LPNs are given greater responsibility and thereby receive higher salaries than their CNA counterparts. LPNs, referred to as Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs) in California and Texas, make the natural “second step” between CNAs and RNs.
The LPN’s role is often that of a middle-manager. A self-starter who, by virtue of added experience, is able to prepare procedural rooms, and in some states set-up IVs and administer medication to patients. RNs often give LPNs added independence that CNAs do not have.
Salary Difference
On average, LPNs earn $40,000 per year. This is $13,000 more than the average CNA salary of $27,000.
What Additional Education is Necessary?
Would You Pass the NCLEX?
NCLEX Review: Part I NCLEX Review: Part II NCLEX Review: Part III NCLEX Review: Part IV NCLEX Vocab Review NCLEX Math Review
The training/education requirements vary from state to state. According to one NursingLink member who is making the switch, the state of California requires 51 months of experience in an acute hospital. Clinical specialty requirements include: 200 hours in pediatrics; 200 hours in genitourinary or maternity; 64 hours in Pharmacology; and 64 additional hours in one of these specialty areas.
Keep in mind that the method described above only refers to the requirements of one state. Please refer to your home state’s board of nursing for more specific information.
Where do LPNs Work?
Traditionally LPNs have worked in a wide variety of patient care settings. With the trend towards shorter and more affordable RN-focused programs, hospitals are now hiring less and less LPNs. Most new LPNs are working in nursing homes and skilled nursing facilities. These types of facilities are expected to witness strong job growth due to large increases in the over-65 population. This trend should compensate for the decline of LPN positions available in hospitals.
What Education Programs Are Available?
Most LPN/LVN programs are available at vocational and community colleges throughout the country. They vary in length depending on each state’s requirements, but on average these programs require two years of study. Prospective LPN/LVNs must also pass the national NCLEX-PN before they can
begin working in a hospital setting. For additional information on specific LPN/LVN programs, please check out this page.
While both Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs) and Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) are both required to work under the supervision of a doctor or registered nurse, LPNs are given greater responsibility and thereby receive higher salaries than their CNA counterparts. LPNs, referred to as Licensed Vocational Nurses (LVNs) in California and Texas, make the natural “second step” between CNAs and RNs.
The LPN’s role is often that of a middle-manager. A self-starter who, by virtue of added experience, is able to prepare procedural rooms, and in some states set-up IVs and administer medication to patients. RNs often give LPNs added independence that CNAs do not have.
Salary Difference
On average, LPNs earn $40,000 per year. This is $13,000 more than the average CNA salary of $27,000.
What Additional Education is Necessary?
Would You Pass the NCLEX?
NCLEX Review: Part I NCLEX Review: Part II NCLEX Review: Part III NCLEX Review: Part IV NCLEX Vocab Review NCLEX Math Review
The training/education requirements vary from state to state. According to one NursingLink member who is making the switch, the state of California requires 51 months of experience in an acute hospital. Clinical specialty requirements include: 200 hours in pediatrics; 200 hours in genitourinary or maternity; 64 hours in Pharmacology; and 64 additional hours in one of these specialty areas.
Keep in mind that the method described above only refers to the requirements of one state. Please refer to your home state’s board of nursing for more specific information.
Where do LPNs Work?
Traditionally LPNs have worked in a wide variety of patient care settings. With the trend towards shorter and more affordable RN-focused programs, hospitals are now hiring less and less LPNs. Most new LPNs are working in nursing homes and skilled nursing facilities. These types of
facilities are expected to witness strong job growth due to large increases in the over-65 population. This trend should compensate for the decline of LPN positions available in hospitals.
What Education Programs Are Available?
Most LPN/LVN programs are available at vocational and community colleges throughout the country. They vary in length depending on each state’s requirements, but on average these programs require two years of study. Prospective LPN/LVNs must also pass the national NCLEX-PN before they can begin working in a hospital setting. For additional information on specific LPN/LVN programs, please check out this page.
Sources
About.com, LPN/VN Career and Education Options
Nursing Degree Guide, Becoming a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)
Related Reads:
NCLEX Practice Quiz: Part I NCLEX Practice Quiz: Part II NCLEX Practice Quiz: Part III
•
http://nursinglink.monster.com/education/articles/789
\"To answer some of the questions below...In order to become a nurse, you must first find the college that is right for you & do extensive research & meet the requirements set by their admissions process. The next step is to apply. There are many bridge programs offered for all ranks of nursing but generally, you must start from the bottom just as someone with no prior clinical experience with the exception of licensed nurses who may only be given \"credit\" in certain fields & may be exempt from certain courses in a bridge program or continuing education programs. The only advantage is usually a CNA has general nursing knowledge & most colleges take that in consideration. However, my college requires that prospective nursing students complete a nurse aid course as well as obtain certification before acceptance to the program. Some facilities do not require certification of nurse aids in order to work for them, but you must show some sort of proof of successful completion of a nurse aid course & with the high demands of healthcare, it is now a requirement for \"most\" to obtain
certification. No, you can NOT take an LPN course online. Some colleges offer general studies or general education courses needed in the program online but you can't do clinicals online, if anyone out there has, please let me know, I have yet to see a nurse administer medication or treatments \"online\"...LOL. You cannot just go right into nursing, I have done the research & am a current nursing student myself, ask any nurse they'll tell you. MOST technical/vocatiional programs are independant, meaning all the required education & training is included in the program. BUT, some colleges require you to take general education courses before being accepted to the program. I was a CNA for 5yrs & started off going to college to become an RN, but other than caring for family members & the stuff I saw on Grey's Anatomy or ER, I had no clue as to all the preparation, planning, & dedicated time needed in order to become a nurse. You can't just jump right into ANY nursing program. Requirements are different for every college but it is mandatory by the NLN(National League for Nursing) to take pre entrance exams in any nursing program. These pre exams vary from college to college & they usually consist of basic math/prealgebra, reading
comprehension, socialization skills, & tolerance to stress. These exams along with some other requirements are what colleges use in carefully seIecting their nursing students. In conjunction it's also mandatory by the NLN to complete a background check sometime throughout the course of a nursing program. These advertisements most people see for \"online\" nursing programs are usually post graduate degrees or continuing education programs for current licensed professionals. For instance, there is no possible way to obtain ANY nursing degree online without prior clinical experience. A nurse must meet designated clinical experiment (hands on) training & successfully complete an accredited nursing program before even being eligible to sit & write to the national state board for testing referred to as either the NCLEX-PN for LPNS or the NCLEX-RN for RNS. I have learned over the yrs that there are many misconceptions about becoming a nurse or working in the field, it is a very rewarding career as well as a lifetime commitment. People are entrusting their lives with you as well their loved ones. KNOW WHAT YOU'RE GETTING YOURSELF INTO BEFORE EVEN THINKING ABOUT ATTEMPTING TO APPLY TO A PROGRAM & PROPER PLANNING SKILLS ARE ESSENTIAL IN ORDER TO SUCCEED. I hope this information has helped answer some the questions listed below, goodluck in your career decision! \"
ACADAMUS TRAINING PROGRAMS
http://www.acadamus.com/
The professional pride and commitment that medical professionals exude should naturally be paired with educational programs of the highest caliber. Acadamus Training, LLC has successfully established multi-purpose training programs for health care professionals that provide essential and pratical lessons, secure compliance with state and federal education requirements through accredited programs, and offer flexibility through online coursework. In the fast-paced and ever-changing industry of health care, knowledge is critical to peak performance. Acadamus Training invites you to join the thousands of health care professionals nationwide who are advancing their career and enhancing the positive impact on their patients through our high quality, accredited, and convenient programs.
Acadamus Training offers online, accredited coursework for certified nursing assistants, home healthcare workers, and home health aides.
•
* LPN certification involves a one year course and passage of a state exam. There are
numerous online LPN-to-RN programs, as well as multiple community colleges around the country that maintain LPN-to-RN programs. If you are a CNA and are looking for a way into nursing, but can not seem to get into the competitive nursing programs, try LPN first. LPN programs usually have less competition for admission, but LPNs usually make excellent money considering how little school is required to sit for the certification exams! Here are more recent stats on average LPN pay.
Licensed Practical Nurse 25th%ile Median 75th%ile the United States $35,142 $38,580 $42,145
http://swz.salary.com/salarywizard/layouthtmls/swzl_compresult_nati...
•
* Another big thing that makes the difference between an LPN and a CNA is assessment skills. A CNA does not have nursing assessment skills and can not go into a room and conduct a head to toes in depth assessment which is what you will base alot of your treatment off of. Also in most skilled centers and nursing homes the LPN runs the show often there is no RN maybe one or two in supervisor type rolls because it's required by law but, the LPN does everything including in most places the role of LPN charge nurse and med nurse.
Health Occupations Programs
http://www.stchas.edu/departments/math-science-health/health-occupations/health-occupations-programs.html
Certificate Programs
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Basic Life Support for Healthcare Providers Skills Evaluation (NRS 414) Certified Medication Technician (CMT 200-40) Certified Nurse Assistant (CNA 100)
Certified Nurse Assistant Clinical Internship (CNA 102-40) Certified Nurse Assistant Completion (CNA 102-41)
Furthering Education for Nurses Caring for the Elderly (NRS 300-40) Online IV Therapy (NRS 101-N1) Medical Transcription (MTRN 100) Medical Coding (MCDG 100)
Patient Care Technician (PCT 100-40) Pharmacy Technician (PMT 100-41) Phlebotomy (NRS 125-40) Phlebotomy Clinical (NRS 125-41)
Registered Nurse First Assistant (NUR 200 and NUR 220) (6 Hour Credit Course)
Exams/Tests
• •
Certified Medication Technician Pre-Test (CMT 300-75) Certified Medication Technician Final Exam (CMT 100-75)
• • • • •
Certified Medication Technician Challenge Exam (CMT 101-75)
Furthering Education for Nurses Caring for the Elderly Certification Exam (NRS 300-75) IV Therapy Certification Challenge Exam (NRS 100-40) Certified Nurse Assistant Challenge Exam (101-75) Certified Nurse Assistant Final Exam (CNA 100-75)
Non-Certificate Courses
• • •
Advanced Clinical Calculations (NRS 150) Dosage Calculations (CDV 600)
Practical Nurse Review Course (NRS 130-40)
Health Occupations Schedule and Course Descriptions
Some Health Occupations courses require a high school diploma/GED, proof of prerequisite licensure/certification, criminal background check, Family Care Safety Registry, health screenings and/or drug testing for admission and/or clinical participation.
Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) CNA 100
This course provides the classroom instruction necessary for employment as a Certified Nurse Assistant in Missouri. An additional 100 hours of clinical experience is required and can be completed through the college (CNA 102-40), or through employment. Upon completion, students must pass a written and clinical final examination (CNA 100-75) to apply for certification. Classes begin each week. Open entry. Textbook required. Tuition is NON-REFUNDABLE. Section 40B Section 41B Section 42B Section 43B Section 44B Section 45B Tuition
8 a.m.-3 p.m. 8 a.m.-3 p.m. 8 a.m.-3 p.m. 8 a.m.-3 p.m. 8 a.m.-3 p.m. 4-9 p.m. $365
Wednesdays Tuesdays Thursdays Fridays Mondays
Tuesday & Thursday
CNA Clinical Internship CNA 102-40
Provides 100 hours of clinical preparation for students who need to complete their coursework and are not employed in a Long Term Care Facility. Tuition is NON-REFUNDABLE.
• •
By Appointment. Tuition: $185.
CMT Final Exam CMT 100 CNA Final Exam CNA 100
Test for students who have completed their coursework at St. Charles Community College. Fees are NON-REFUNDABLE. Section 75 CMT Section 75 CNA
By Appointment By Appointment
Fee: $140 Fee: $105
CMT Challenge Exam CMT 101 CNA Challenge Exam CNA 101
Allows for testing of the individual who has been given permission by the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services to challenge the final exam. Fees are NON-REFUNDABLE. Section 75 CMT Section 75 CNA
By Appointment By Appointment
Fee: $155 Fee: $130
CNA Completion CNA 102-41B
Provides up to 25 hours of classroom preparation for students who need to complete their coursework or wish to review for the final exam. Tuition is NON-REFUNDABLE.
• •
Monday-Friday.
Tuition: $185.
CMT Pre-Test CMT 300-75
Basic math and English test required for admission into CMT course. Test is given by appointment only and may be taken up to three times/semester. Fees are NON-REFUNDABLE.
• •
By Appointment Fee: $35
Certified Medication Technician (CMT) CMT 200-40B
Provides the 65 hours of classroom instruction required for certification as a Missouri CMT. Additional 24 hours of clinical practice are required. Students must have at least six months of CNA experience and be currently employed in a LTC facility to complete the clinical hours. Textbook is provided. Tuition is NON-REFUNDABLE.
• •
Feb. 15-April 25, Wednesdays, 8 a.m.-3 p.m. Tuition: $395
Patient Care Technician PCT 100-40B
Check back for available dates.
Prepares student to work in a hospital or long term care environment under the direct supervision of a licensed nurse. Students are trained in monitoring and recording vital signs, assisting with mobility, bathing, dressing, grooming and other tasks related to direct patient care. Students meet three days/week for class, lab and clinical as scheduled. Upon completion students will be CNA certified. Textbook required. Tuition includes final exam fee and is NON-REFUNDABLE.
Online IV Therapy NRS 101-N1
Check back for available dates.
This 44 contact hours course teaches the skills necessary to provide IV therapy. An excellent review for RN or LPN wishing to update skills, or an LPN who desires Missouri IV Certification. An additional eight hours of clinical and one eight-hour lab day are required to complete the course. Textbook and lab kit are required. Tuition is NON-REFUNDABLE.
IV Therapy Certification Challenge Exam NRS 100-40B
Allows the LPN who is IV certified in another state to obtain IV certification in Missouri. Textbook is strongly suggested as a review, but not required. Fees are NON-REFUNDABLE.
• •
By Appointment. Fee : $175.
Dosage Calculation CDV 600
This math course prepares students for the Dosage Calculations test required for admission to SCC nursing programs. Basic math skills are required! Enroll early. Bring a basic function calculator to class. Tuition is NON-REFUNDABLE. Online registration available. Section 11B Section 12B
Wednesdays & Fridays Wednesdays & Fridays
Jan. 18-27 April 25 - May 4
9-11 a.m. 9-11 a.m.
Tuition: $80 Tuition: $80
Advanced Dosage Calculation NRS 150-01B
Check back for available dates.
This class is open to practicing RNs and second year ADN students. Advanced calculations including insulin review, critical care medications, PCA calculations, dosages determined by body weight and titrating medication measured in units including heparin and oxytocin will be covered. Tuition is NON-REFUNDABLE. Online registration available.
Pharmacy Technician Program PMT 100-41B
• •
Jan. 24-April 12, Tuesdays & Thursdays, 6:30 - 9:30 p.m.
Tuition: $700
Students will be trained to effectively assist in pharmaceutical preparation and complete daily required tasks in the pharmacy environment. Covers drug classifications, basic physiology, drug interactions and daily pharmacy operations. Textbook and drug cards required. Tuition is NON-REFUNDABLE. Online registration available.
Phlebotomy NRS 125-40B
• •
Jan. 9-May 7, Mondays & Wednesdays, 5:30-9 p.m. Tuition: $550
Prepares students for entry-level positions as phlebotomists. An additional 120 clinical hours are required to complete the program and receive a certificate. Tuition is NON-REFUNDABLE.
Phlebotomy Clinical NRS 125 41
• •
March 12-May 7, Mon.-Fri., daytime hours vary Tuition: $200
Provides 120 hours of clinical preparation for students who need to complete their coursework. Clinical hours are completed during the day, Mon.-Fri., and are concurrent with classroom preparation. Registration for this course is permitted upon instructor approval. Tuition is NON-REFUNDABLE.
Practical Nursing Review Course NRS 130-40B
• •
March 9-11, Tuesday-Thursday, 8 a.m.-4 p.m. Tuition: $105
Review the core curriculum of Practical Nursing Program-medical, surgical, psychiatric, OB/GYN and pediatric nursing. Tuition is NON-REFUNDABLE. Online registration available.
Registered Nurse First Assistant NUR 200/220
• •
March 9-11 & March 30-April 1, Friday - Sunday, 8 a.m.-4 p.m. Tuition: Based on residency requirements
This AORN approved class follows the core curriculum for the RN First Assistant. Six credit hours are awarded upon completion of the course. Three credits are earned through classroom/theory presentation and an additional three credits through an approved internship program. Contact the Health Occupations office at ********************or 636-922-8295 for an application packet.
Medical Coding MCDG 100
Innovative, comprehensive, self-paced, online medical coding and billing program designed to prepare individuals for certification and employment as a professional inpatient/outpatient
medical coders. Coursework must be completed within 12 months. Enroll in each semester individually or register for the entire program and receive a discount. Fees are NON-REFUNDABLE. Section 31: S1 Section 32: S2 Section 33: S3 Section 40: All
Online 24 hours/day Online 24 hours/day Online 24 hours/day Online 24 hours/day
Fee: $670 Fee: $630 Fee: $715 Fee: $1,940
Medical Transcription MTRN 100
An online fully integrated, comprehensive, stand-alone study course in medical transcription. Learn basic skills the career requires. Coursework must be completed within 12 months. Enroll in each semester individually or register for the entire program and receive a discount. Fees are NON-REFUNDABLE. Section 31: S1 Section 32: S2 Section 33: S3 Section 40: All
Online 24 hours/day Online 24 hours/day Online 24 hours/day Online 24 hours/day
Fee: $800 Fee: $575 Fee: $575 Fee: $1,875
Basic Life Support (BLS) for Healthcare Providers Skills Evaluation NRS 414
This course is intended for the healthcare provider who has not previously taken a CPR course and who must verify successful completion of a CPR course. The cognitive portion of this course is completed online through the American Heart Association at www.onlineaha.org. Students must present a certificate of successful completion of the online course to participate in the skills practice and evaluation. Early registration is STRONGLY encouraged. Fees are NON-REFUNDABLE. Online registration available. Section 11 Section 12
Monday Monday
Jan. 9 Jan. 9
8-10 a.m.
10:30 a.m.-12:30 p.m.
This schedule is subject to change without notice.
美国护士工作领域
http://www.qingdaonews.com/content/2004-08/30/content_3582514.htm 成人健康护理 Adult Health Nursing 烧伤加护病房 Burns Intensive Care Unit 心导管插入实验室 Cardiac Cath Lab 心脏恢复室 Cardiac Rehab
小儿健康护理 Child Health Nursing 养老院 Convalescent(SNF)
社区健康护理 Community Health Nursing 急救护理
Critical Care
急诊 Emergency
胃肠科学实验室 Gastroenterology Lab(简称GI Lab)
普外病房及外科术后恢复病房 General Surgery Complex and Surgical Stepdown Unit 内科病房 General Medicine Complex 家庭护理 Home Heath 内科加护病房 ICU 心脏加护病房 CCU
内科 Internal Medicine 产科 Labor& Delivery
内外科(普通) Med/Surg(General) 内、外科护理 Medical Surgical Nursing 新生儿加护病房 Neonatalogy ICU 助产士 Nurse Midwifery 妇产科护理 OB-GYN Nursing 癌症科 Oncology
手术室 Operating Room 矫形外科学 Orthopedics 门诊 Outpatient Clinic
门诊手术 Outpatient Surgery 小儿科 Pediatric
小儿科加护病房 Pediatric ICU 儿科病房 Pediatric Complex
围产期高危护理 Perinatal High Risk Nursing 精神科 Psychiatric 公共健康 Public Health
肺科急救病房 PACU-Pulmonary Acute Care Unit 康复病房 Rehabilitation 外科 Surgical
远距测定法(心内或神经内科) Telemetry(Cardic or Neuro)
美国注册护士主要考什么?
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/207199589.html
RN 是 注册护士 Registered Nurse 的缩写,又称为NCLEX-RN.全称是美国注册护理师资格证书(National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses,简称NCLEX-RN)是美国及一些为英语为母语的发达国家所采用或认可的护士职业上岗证书。
NCLEX-RN(注册护士执照考试)的考试内容是按照美国护校新毕业生应具有的知识和能力而拟定的,分为护理理论和临床两部分,包括护理工作的五个传统领域,即内科、外科、妇产科、儿科和精神科,采取整体综合性考试,并不是各科分科考试。考题主要类别:
Safety, effective care environment 安全有效的护理环境( 15-21% )
Health Promotion and maintenance 人体的生长发育与健康保健( 17-23% ) Psychosocial integrity 社会心理完整性( 8-16% ) Physiological integrity 生理完整性( 46-54% )
NCLEX-RN 或称 NCLEX-CAT 的题目为全英文四选一选择题。考题数目依考生临场表现而定。最少 75 题,最多 265 题。考试时间 5 小时, 2 小时后休息 10 分钟。
考试时电脑每次只显示一题,每题都必须回答,否则不会显示下一题。已回答过的题目不能查看或修改。电脑会根据考生的答题质量来给出随后的考题。
考试成绩是由正确答案的难度、而非正确答案的数量来决定的。 因此,当电脑根据考生的答题难度与正确率,对考生水平作出判断(即合格或不合格)后,就会停止该考生的考试。若无法确定,考生就得继续答题,直至电脑可以判断考生的程度为止。
考完试后,电脑中心不会立刻告诉你考试结果,但会将你的成绩立即传给该州的护士局。该州护士局会在 2 至 3 周内把考试结果通知考生。考试采用合格分数线,并不通知具体考试分数。
如考生没通过考试,可以重考,但要等 91 天后才能重考,重考次数限制是由各州护士局分别而定的。
考试通过后,会获得该州护士局颁发的RN注册护士执照,执照上有该护士的姓名、执照号码:通常有效期为2年,每2年要向该州护士局更新一次。每次更新执照的标准根据各州护士局分别而定。
参考资料:http://www.huamei-edu.com
美国注册护士资格考试复习指导
1 美国注册护士资格考试复习指导 精神障碍及有心理健康问题患者的护理(英中对照)
2 美国注册护士资格考试复习指导 孕产妇和新生儿护理 (英中对照)
美国注册护士资格考试复习指导 综合测试(英中对照) 美国注册护士资格考试复习指导 成人内外科护理(英中对照)
3
4
因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容